Super-synchronous motor/generator

ABSTRACT

A compound motor-generator system including a first motor-generator and a second motor-generator. The first motor generator includes a stator having a set of three-phase field windings and a first rotor disposed inside and coaxial with the stator and configured to rotate relative to the stator. The second motor-generator includes a rotational stator and a second rotor coupled to a common shaft with the rotor of the first motor-generator and disposed inside and coaxial to the rotational stator. The rotational stator is configured to rotate relative to the second rotor and at a higher rotational speed than the second rotor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/401,430, filed May 2, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND

An electric motor-generator is a machine that can operate as either anelectric motor or an electric generator. In the case of a compoundmachine, a motor-generator can perform both motor operation andgenerator operation at the same time. A motor-generator can be used forenergy storage, or for maintaining the power quality of an electricaldistribution. A motor-generator can also be used for converting voltage,frequency, and/or phase of electrical power.

SUMMARY

This specification relates to a super-synchronous motor-generator. Morespecifically, the disclosure relates to a motor-generator that operatesat multiples of an alternating current electrical distribution system(AC system) frequency, such as two or three times the frequency.

A motor-generator that operates at super-synchronous speeds can be usedto improve overall system cost and efficiency. In energy storageapplications, the amount of energy storage can be vastly increased byusing super-synchronous machines. Additionally, achievingsuper-synchronous speeds without the use of power electronics can reducethe complexity of the overall machine and the service required toproperly maintain the machine.

In a super-synchronous motor-generator, two or more machines areconnected, each including a rotor and a stator. The two or more machinescan be located alongside one another end-to-end, or can be concentric toone another. The machines may be of different types, includingsynchronous, induction, reluctance, and permanent magnet.

A super-synchronous motor-generator can include two or more machinesconnected alongside one another, end-to-end. In this configuration, thefirst stator surrounds the first rotor and is stationary. The firststator flux wave rotates at synchronous speed. The first rotor isinternal, and also rotates at synchronous speed, matching the frequencyof the supplied AC electrical current. The first rotor is connectedend-to-end (e.g., on a common or coupled shaft) to the second rotor, andthey rotate at the same speed. The second stator surrounds the secondrotor, and is a rotational stator. For example, the rotational secondstator rotates around a common axis with the second rotor. Therotational second stator flux wave rotates at a speed that is thecombination of the second rotor flux wave and the second rotormechanical rotation speed. Thus, the rotational second stator rotates atdouble the synchronous speed.

A super-synchronous motor-generator can include two or more machinesconnected concentrically. In this configuration, the stationary statoris in the center. The first stator flux wave rotates at synchronousspeed. The rotor is concentric with and outside the stationary stator,and rotates at synchronous speed along with the flux wave of thestationary stator. A movable stator is concentric with and outside therotor. The movable stator generates a flux wave that rotates at a speedthat is the combination of the rotor flux wave and the rotor mechanicalrotation speed. Thus, the rotational second stator rotates at double thesynchronous speed.

In general, one innovative aspect of the subject matter described inthis specification can be embodied in a compound motor-generator systemincluding a first motor-generator and a second motor-generator. Thefirst motor generator includes a stator having a set of three-phasefield windings and a first rotor disposed inside and coaxial with thestator and configured to rotate relative to the stator. The secondmotor-generator includes a rotational stator and a second rotor coupledto a common shaft with the rotor of the first motor-generator anddisposed inside and coaxial to the rotational stator. The rotationalstator is configured to rotate relative to the second rotor and at ahigher rotational speed than the second rotor.

In general, another innovative aspect of the subject matter described inthis specification can be embodied in a compound motor-generator systemincluding a stator having a set of three-phase field windings; a firstrotor disposed inside and coaxial with the stator, the first rotorconfigured to rotate relative to the stator; and a second rotor disposedinside and coaxial with the first rotor. The second rotor is configuredto rotate relative to the first rotor and at a higher rotational speedthan the first rotor.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one ormore of the following features, alone or in combination. The system mayinclude a third motor-generator including a second rotational statorcoupled to the rotational stator of the second motor-generator, and athird rotor disposed inside and coaxial with the second rotationalstator and configured to rotate relative to the second rotationalstator. The second rotational stator may be configured to rotaterelative to the third rotor and to drive the third rotor at a higherrotational speed than the rotational speed of the second rotationalstator.

In some implementations, the second rotor includes permanent magnets tosupply a rotor magnetic field, and the rotational stator includesthree-phase field windings configured to produce, when driven by anelectrical power source, a rotational magnetic flux that rotates in adirection opposite to a direction of rotation of the second rotor.

In some implementations, the second rotor includes three-phase fieldwindings configured to produce, when driven by an electrical powersource, a magnetic flux that rotates relative to the second rotor, andthe rotational stator includes permanent magnets or DC field windingsconfigured to produce a magnetic field that is stationary relative tothe rotational stator.

In some implementations, the rotational stator is coupled to a primemover.

In some implementations, the rotational stator is coupled to amechanical energy storage mechanism.

In some implementations, the rotor of the first motor-generator includespermanent magnets to supply a rotor magnetic field.

In some implementations, the first motor-generator and the secondmotor-generator are synchronous electric machines or induction machines.

The system may include an auxiliary motor coupled to the firstmotor-generator as a starting motor.

In some implementations, the first rotor includes permanent magnets tosupply a rotor magnetic field that is stationary with respect to thefirst rotor, and the second rotor includes three-phase field windingsconfigured to produce, when driven by an electrical power source, arotational magnetic flux that rotates, relative to the second rotor, ina direction opposite to a direction of rotation of the first rotor.

In some implementations, the first rotor includes three-phase fieldwindings configured to produce, when driven by an electrical powersource, a magnetic flux that rotates relative to the first rotor, andthe second rotor includes permanent magnets or DC field windingsconfigured to produce a magnetic field that is stationary relative tothe rotational stator.

In some implementations, the second rotor is coupled to a prime mover.

In some implementations, the second rotor is coupled to a mechanicalenergy storage mechanism.

In some implementations, the stator and the first rotor operate as asynchronous machine or as an induction machine.

In some implementations, the first rotor and the second rotor operate asa synchronous machine.

The system may include an auxiliary motor coupled to the first rotor asa starting motor. The system may include an auxiliary motor coupled tothe second rotor as a starting motor.

The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter describedin this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and thedescription below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of thesubject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings,and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of exemplary implementations ofsuper-synchronous motor-generators in an end-to-end configuration.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary super-synchronous motor-generator ina concentric configuration.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an exemplary super-synchronous motor-generatorconnected to a flywheel.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary super-synchronous motor-generatorincluding three connected machines.

FIGS. 5A to 5D are cross-sectional diagrams of the embodiments ofsuper-synchronous motor-generators shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In a grid-connected power generation, or energy storage, design, thereis generally a combination of electronic and electromechanical devicesdeployed between the grid and the prime mover or power source/storage.These devices are used to condition and transfer the power and energy ina controlled fashion. For rotational systems, this chain of electricaland electronic stages typically consists of an isolation transformer, amotor-generator, power electronics, and a gearbox to match the primemover speed and the motor-generator speed. Alternatively, powerelectronics can be used to change the frequency of a motor-generator tomatch the frequency of the grid, typically using back to back AC/DCpower converters.

A motor-generator that operates at super-synchronous speeds can be usedto improve overall system cost and efficiency. Additionally, achievingsuper-synchronous speeds without the use of power electronics may reducethe complexity of the machine and the service required to properlymaintain the machine.

This specification relates to a super-synchronous motor-generator. Morespecifically, the disclosure relates to a motor-generator that canoperate at multiples of an AC system frequency, such as two or threetimes the frequency.

In a super-synchronous motor-generator, two or more machines areconnected, each including a rotor and a stator. In some examples, therotor and stator windings are fed from a three-phase AC electrical grid.In some examples, one or more of the rotors include a permanent magnet.The two or more machines can be located alongside one anotherend-to-end, or can be concentric to one another.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of an exemplary super-synchronousmotor-generator 100 in an end-to-end configuration. The motor-generator100 includes a first machine 100 a coupled to a second machine 100 b.The first machine 100 a includes a stationary housing 110 a that encasesa first stator 120 a and a first rotor 130 a. The second machine 100 bincludes a housing 110 b that encases a second stator 120 b and a secondrotor 103 a. The second stator 120 b of the second machine 100 b isconfigured as a rotational stator. For example, the second stator 120 bcan be mounted on bearings 140 b instead of being fixed to the housing110 b. As such, the second stator 120 b is free to rotate relative tothe housing 110 b and/or relative to, and independent of, the secondrotor 130 b.

Although illustrated as two separate housings 110 a, 110 b, bothmachines 100 a, 110 b can be enclosed in a common housing. The motorgenerator 100 can be considered as a compound machine because, as notedabove, the first machine 100 a is coupled to the second machine 100 b.For example, first machine 100 a can be coupled to second machine 100 bby coupling the first rotor 130 a to the second rotor 130 b, e.g., by acommon shaft or by a mechanical coupling between the two rotors.

In the example in FIGS. 1A and 1B, both first machine 100 a and secondmachine 100 b can be configured as synchronous machines. In asynchronous machine, the mechanical rotation of a rotating component(e.g., a rotor) aligns with a rotating magnetic field, i.e., themechanical rotational speed is substantially equal to the rotationalspeed of a rotating magnetic field produced by a stator.

The motor-generator 100 can operate as a motor. Briefly, when operatingas a motor, electrical power is supplied to stator 120 a of the firstmachine 100 a causing rotor 130 a to mechanically rotate. The rotationof rotor 130 a causes rotor 130 b of the second machine 100 b to rotate,which (as described in more detail below) cause the rotational stator120 b to rotate at twice the mechanical speed of rotor 130 b.

In more detail, when the motor-generator 100 operates as a motor,electrical power is supplied to first machine 100 a. The source of theelectrical power can be, for example, a three-phase AC electricaldistribution system. The electrical power source supplies electricalcurrent through power cables 115 a to the armature windings of firststator 120 a (e.g., as illustrated by element 502 in FIG. 5A). Theelectrical current supplied to the armature windings of first stator 120a creates a magnetic flux that rotates at an angular speed wo.

The first stator 120 a magnetic flux rotates at synchronous angularspeed ω_(ϕa), which means that the rotational speed of the magnetic fluxmatches the frequency of the power supplied from the AC system. Forexample, if the frequency of the AC system is 60 Hertz (Hz), the firststator 120 a magnetic flux rotates at a speed ω_(ϕa) of 3600 revolutionsper minute (rpm), or a factor of 3600 rpm, where 3600 rpm is divided bythe number of pole pairs. Though the first stator 120 a magnetic fluxrotates at synchronous speed, as noted above, the first stator 120 a ismechanically stationary.

A first rotor 130 a rotates to align with the first stator 120 amagnetic flux at a mechanical rotational speed equal to the rotationalspeed of the stator magnetic flux. The first rotor 130 a can beconstructed with either field windings (e.g., as illustrated by element512 in FIG. 5C) or one or more permanent magnets (e.g., as illustratedby element 504 in FIG. 5A) to produce a stationary magnetic field on therotor field that follows or “locks onto” (e.g., in a synchronous motordesign) the rotating magnetic flux 121 of the first stator 120 a. Therotating magnetic flux produced by the first stator 120 a causes thefirst rotor 130 a to rotate at an angular speed ω_(ra)=ω_(ϕa).

The first rotor 130 a is mechanically connected with the second rotor130 b. For example, the first rotor 130 a and second rotor 130 b can beon a common shaft, or can be mechanically coupled. The mechanicalrotation of the first rotor 130 a drives the second rotor 130 b at aspeed ω_(rb) that is equal to ω_(ra).

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1A, the second rotor 130 b includes aset of three-phase windings (e.g., as illustrated by element 506 in FIG.5B) that achieves a rotating magnetic flux. The three-phase windings canbe driven to create a rotational magnetic flux 131 that rotates atω_(ϕb) with respect to the second rotor 130 b. For example, the magneticflux 131 of the second rotor 130 b can be driven through power cables115 b coupled to a power source. The field windings of the second rotor130 b can be driven by the same or a different power source as that usedto drive the field windings of the first stator 120 a. The three-phasewindings are driven to create a rotational magnetic flux 131 thatrotates in the same direction ω_(ϕb) as the rotor itself rotates, suchthat the second rotor's magnetic flux 131 rotates at, for example, twicethe synchronous speed of the first machine 110 a, e.g., ω_(ϕb)=2ω_(ϕb).

The rotational second stator 120 b is mounted on high-speed bearings 140b that allow the rotational second stator 120 b to mechanically rotatewith respect to the stationary housing 110 b. The second stator 120 bincludes either field windings (e.g., as illustrated by element 518 inFIG. 5D) driven by a DC source or a permanent magnet (e.g., asillustrated by element 508 in FIG. 5B) to generate a stationary magneticfield (e.g., stationary with respect to the second stator 120 b). Thestator field then “locks onto” (e.g., in a synchronous motor design) thesecond rotor's rotating magnetic flux 131 causing the rotational stator120 b to rotate at the same speed as the second rotor's rotatingmagnetic flux 131, e.g., the speed (ω_(sb)) of the rotational stator istwice the speed (ω_(rb)) of the second rotor 130 b (ω_(sb)=2ω_(rb)).Further, assuming that both machines 100 a and 100 b are operated assynchronous machines, the rotational second stator 120 b will rotate attwice the synchronous speed of the first machine 110 a.

For example, if the second rotor 130 b rotates at 3600 rpm in aclockwise direction, the second rotor 130 b magnetic flux 131 alsorotates in a clockwise direction but at 7200 rpm. The rotational secondstator 120 b stationary field will follow the rotating magnetic flux 131of the second rotor 130 b causing the rotational second stator 120 b toalso rotate at 7200 rpm in the clockwise direction.

In another example illustrated in FIG. 1B, the second rotor 130 b can beconfigured with a stationary magnetic field rather than a rotatingmagnetic field. For example, the second rotor 130 b can include fieldwindings (e.g., as illustrated by element 512 in FIG. 5C) driven by a DCsource or a permanent magnet (e.g., as illustrated by element 504 inFIG. 5A) to produce a magnetic field that is stationary with respect tothe second rotor 130 b. However, the second rotor's magnetic field willstill rotate at a speed of ω_(rb) with respect to housing 110 b as thesecond rotor 130 b is driven by the first rotor 130 a. In such examples,super-synchronous speed of the rotational second stator 120 b can beachieved with respect to the first machine 100 a by driving fieldwindings (e.g., as illustrated by element 514 in FIG. 5C) on the secondstator 120 b to produce a rotational magnetic flux 132 that rotates at aspeed ω_(ϕb) with respect to the rotational second stator 120 b.Specifically, the field windings of the second stator 120 b are drivenso as to produce a magnetic flux 132 that rotates at the same speed asthe magnetic flux 121 of the first stator 120 a, but in an oppositedirection; e.g., ω_(ϕb)=−ω_(ϕa). Hence, by extension, the secondstator's magnetic flux 132 is also driven in a direction opposite to therotation of the second rotor 130 b. Thus, when the magnetic flux 132“locks onto” the stationary field of the second rotor 130 b, as thesecond rotor rotates, the interaction between the second stator'smagnetic flux 132 and the magnetic field of the second rotor 130 b willtend to “push” the rotational second stator 120 b at twice the speed atwhich the second rotor 130 b rotates. In other words, the speed (ω_(sb))of the rotational stator will be twice the speed (ω_(rb)) of the secondrotor 130 b (ω_(sb)=2ω_(rb)).

For example, if the second rotor 130 b rotates at 3600 rpm in aclockwise direction, the second rotor's 130 b magnetic field will alsorotates in a clockwise direction at 3600 rpm. The rotational secondstator 120 b is driven to produce a magnetic flux that rotates relativeto the second stator 120 b at 3600 rpm, but in the counter-clockwisedirection. For example, the phases of the field windings of the secondstator 120 b can be coupled to power cables 115 b according to a phasesequence that produces an opposite direction of field rotation ascompared to the phase sequence connection between the power cables 115 aand the field windings of the first stator 120 a. Thus, if the secondrotor were held stationary, and the rotational second stator 120 ballowed to freely rotate, the second stator's magnetic flux 132 wouldtend to push the second stator 120 b in the clockwise direction at 3600rpm. However, when this effect is combined with the rotation of thesecond rotor 130 b as driven by the first rotor 130 a, the second rotor120 b drives the rotational second stator 120 b at 7200 rpm in theclockwise direction (e.g., ω_(sb)=ω_(rb)−ω_(ϕb)=2ω_(rb), whereω_(rb)=ω_(ϕa) and ω_(ϕb)=−ω_(ϕa)).

In some applications, the rotational second stator 120 b can be coupledto a mechanical energy storage device, such as a flywheel. Additionaldetails about energy storage implementations are described below inreference to FIG. 3.

When the motor-generator 100 operates as a generator, a prime mover isconnected to, or coupled with, the rotational second stator 120 b. Theprime mover can be, for example, any type of turbine such as a steamturbine or gas turbine, or any type of engine such as a diesel engine orgasoline piston engine. Because the super-synchronous motor generator100 can operate at super-synchronous speeds, the motor generator 100 canproduce a 60 Hz electrical output while the prime mover is operated atspeeds in excess of 3600 rpm without the need for reduction gears orfrequency converters. For example, a prime mover can be driven at 7200rpm, which is two times the fundamental operating frequency of a 3600rpm, or 60 Hz, system. Synchronous devices rotate at f/N, where f is theelectrical frequency and N is the number of pole pairs in the device,nominally 1 for high speed motor-generators. The prime mover can bedriven at 7200 rpm without the need for reduction gears.

When operating as a generator, the super-synchronous motor generator 100operates in a manner similar to that described above in reference toFIGS. 1A and 1B except that the prime mover provides the motive force tothe rotational second stator 120 b, and the relative motion of the firstrotor 130 a with respect to stator coils of the first stator 120 ainduces an output voltage/current on the stator coils. The electriccurrent then feeds an electrical load through power cables 115 a. Theload may be, for example, a three-phase AC electrical distributionsystem.

In some examples, a supplemental electrical power source can be used topower the field windings of the second stator 120 b (or the second rotor130 b, depending on the configuration of the second machine 100 b) e.g.,when the motor generator 100 is started up.

FIG. 2 includes both an exploded-view diagram and a fully assembled-viewdiagram of an exemplary super-synchronous motor-generator 200 in aconcentric configuration. Motor-generator 200 is similar tomotor-generator 100, in that it is a compound machine, however, insteadof the machines being coupled end-to-end as in motor-generator 100, themachines are constructed concentrically, and share a common rotor. Forexample, motor-generator 200 includes an inner stator 220 a, surroundedby a rotor 230 coaxially mounted to the inner stator on a set ofbearings 250, and an outer stator 220 b coaxially mounted to the rotor230 on a set of bearings 250. Either the inner stator 220 a or the outerstator 220 b can be configured as a rotational stator. That is, eitherthe inner stator 220 a or the outer stator 220 b can be mounted onbearings (e.g., bearings 240 and 250) such that it is free tomechanically rotate relative to the housing 210 and relative to therotor 230. While described as a second stator for consistency withrespect to the implementations shown and described in reference to FIGS.1A and 1B, the rotational stator (e.g., either second stator 220 b orfirst stator 220 a, depending on the configuration) can be considered asa second rotor. For example, rotational stator 220 b can be consideredas a second rotor disposed within a hollow first rotor 230 and supportedon compound bearings 250.

The first stator 220 a includes three-phase field windings (e.g.,armature windings as illustrated by element 502 in FIG. 5A)) configuredto generate a rotational magnetic flux (ω_(ϕa)). For example, the firststator windings can be driven by an electrical power source throughpower cables 215 a (when operating as a motor). When operating as agenerator, an output voltage/current is induced on the first statorcoils through electro-magnetic interaction with a magnetic fieldproduced by the rotor 230.

As discussed with respect to the implementations depicted in FIGS. 1Aand 1B, in some implementations, the rotor 230 can include either fieldwindings (e.g., as illustrated by element 512 in FIG. 5C) driven by a DCsource or a permanent magnet (e.g., as illustrated by element 504 inFIG. 5A) to generate a stationary magnetic field (e.g., stationary withrespect to the rotor 230), while the second stator 220 b includesthree-phase windings (e.g., armature windings as illustrated by element516 in FIG. 5D) to generate a rotating magnetic flux. The second statorwindings can be driven by an electrical power source through powercables 215 b.

In some implementations, the rotor 230 can include three-phase fieldwindings to generate a rotating magnetic flux, (e.g., as illustrated byelement 502 in FIG. 5A) while the second stator 220 b includes eitherfield windings (e.g., as illustrated by element 512 in FIG. 5C) drivenby a DC source or a permanent magnet (e.g., as illustrated by element504 in FIG. 5A) to generate a stationary magnetic field (e.g.,stationary with respect to the second stator 220 b). The rotor windingscan be driven by an electrical power source through power cables 215 b.

Similar to motor-generator 100 described above, the exemplarymotor-generator 200 in FIG. 2 can operate as a motor or a generator.When operating as a motor, electrical power is supplied to first machine200 a, causing machine 200 b to mechanically rotate. When operating as agenerator, a prime mover couples to machine 200 b, causing machine 200 ato produce electrical power.

The operations of motor generator 200 are similar to those of the twoimplementations of motor generator 100 described above. Thus forbrevity, only the motor operations of the permanent magnet rotor 230implementation of motor generator 200 are described below. Whenoperating as a motor, electrical power is supplied to the first stator220 a. The source of the electrical power can be, for example, athree-phase AC electrical distribution system. The electrical powersource supplies electrical current through power cables 215 a to thearmature windings of the first stator 220 a. The electrical currentsupplied to the armature windings of first stator 220 a creates amagnetic flux that rotates at an angular speed ω_(ϕa).

The first stator 220 a magnetic flux rotates at synchronous angularspeed ω_(ϕa), which means that the rotational speed of the magnetic fluxmatches the frequency of the power supplied from the AC system. Forexample, if the frequency of the AC system is 60 Hertz (Hz), the firststator 220 a magnetic flux rotates at a speed ω_(ϕa) of 3600 revolutionsper minute (rpm). Though the first stator 220 a magnetic flux rotates atsynchronous speed, as noted above, the first stator 220 a itself ismechanically stationary.

A rotor 230 rotates to align with the first stator 220 a magnetic fluxat a mechanical rotational speed equal to the rotational speed of thefirst stator magnetic flux. The rotor 230 can be constructed with eitherfield windings or one or more permanent magnets to produce a stationarymagnetic field on the rotor. The field follows or “locks onto” (e.g., ina synchronous motor design) the rotating magnetic flux 221 of the firststator 220 a. The rotating magnetic flux produced by the first stator220 a causes the rotor 230 to rotate at an angular speed ω_(r)=ω_(ϕa).

The rotor 230 also rotates at the angular speed ω_(r) with respect tothe second stator 220 b. Thus, the rotor's magnetic field also rotatesat a speed of ω_(r) with respect to the second stator 220 b. In suchexamples, super-synchronous speed of the rotational second stator 220 bcan be achieved with respect to the rotor 230 by driving field windingson the second stator 220 b to produce a rotational magnetic flux 232that rotates at a speed ω_(ϕb) with respect to the rotational secondstator 220 b. Specifically, the field windings of the second stator 220b are driven so as to produce a magnetic flux 232 that rotates at thesame speed as the magnetic flux 221 of the first stator 220 a, but inthe opposite direction; e.g., ω_(ϕb)=−ω_(ϕa). Hence, by extension, thesecond stator's magnetic flux 232 is also driven in a direction oppositeto the rotation of the rotor 230. Thus, when the magnetic flux 232“locks onto” the magnetic field of the rotor 230, as the second rotorrotates, the interaction between the second stator's magnetic flux 232and the magnetic field of the of the rotor 230 will tend to “push” therotational second stator 220 b at twice the speed at which the rotor 230rotates. In other words, the speed (ω_(sb)) of the rotational statorwill be twice the speed (ω_(r)) of the rotor 230 (ω_(sb)=2ω_(r)).

For example, if the rotor 230 rotates at 3600 rpm in a clockwisedirection, the rotor's 230 magnetic field will also rotates in aclockwise direction at 3600 rpm. The rotational second stator 220 b isdriven to produce a magnetic flux that rotates relative to the secondstator 220 b at 3600 rpm, but in the counter-clockwise direction. Forexample, the phases of the field windings in the second stator 220 b canbe coupled to power cables 115 b according to a phase sequence thatproduces an opposite direction of field rotation as compared to thephase sequence connection between the power cables 115 a and the fieldwindings of the first stator 120 a. Thus, if the rotor 230 were heldstationary, and the rotational second stator 220 b allowed to freelyrotate, the second stator's magnetic flux 232 would tend to push thesecond stator 220 b in the clockwise direction at 3600 rpm. However,when this effect is combined with the rotation of the rotor 230 asdriven by the first stator 220 a, the rotor 230 drives the rotationalsecond stator 220 b at 7200 rpm in the clockwise direction (e.g.,ω_(sb)=ω_(r)−ω_(ϕb)=2ω_(r), where ω_(r)=ω_(ϕa) and ω_(ϕb)=−ω_(ϕa)).

Although the examples in FIGS. 1A-2 are described in reference tosynchronous machines, a super-synchronous motor-generator can beconstructed as induction or reluctance machines in otherimplementations. The rotational speeds can vary depending on the typesof machines used. For example, in a motor-generator that includesinduction machines, the motor-generator can achieve intermediate speedsthat are in between multiples of synchronous speed, or below synchronousspeed. Synchronous machines are generally not self-starting machines. Ifa rotor is stationary, it cannot instantly follow the rotation of thestator magnetic flux due to inertia. Therefore, a super-synchronousmotor-generator that includes synchronous motors and/or synchronousgenerators can include a supplemental starting mechanism.

For example, one approach to starting a synchronous machine is toenergize the stator from the AC electrical distribution system, andmeanwhile to short the rotor windings so that the machine operates as aninduction machine for starting. The machine operates as an inductionmachine until it comes up to near synchronous speed. When the slip issmall, and the phase angle is near zero, the rotor field winding isexcited, and the rotor rotation synchronizes with the stator fluxrotation.

Another method for starting a synchronous machine is to use a smallmotor, e.g., an auxiliary or “pony” motor (e.g., as illustrated byelement 520 in FIG. 5D). The pony motor can be used to accelerate arotor to near synchronous speed before the stator winding connects tothe AC electrical distribution system. When the stator windings switchon, the machine shifts to synchronous operation and the pony motordecouples. For example, auxiliary starting motors can be coupled to anyof the rotors or rotational stators of the motor-generators describedabove to bring the respective rotational component up to its operatingspeed. For instance, referring to FIG. 1B, an auxiliary motors can becoupled to rotors 130 a/130 b (e.g., one auxiliary motor can be used tostart both rotors 130 a/130 b since they are coupled to a common shaft)to bring rotors 130 a/130 b up to approximately 3600 rpm when startingthe super-synchronous motor generator 100. An auxiliary motor can becoupled to the rotational stator 120 b of the second machine 100 b tobring the rotational stator 120 b up to 7200 rpm when starting thesuper-synchronous motor generator 100.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary super-synchronousmotor-generator connected to a flywheel (motor-generator-flywheel). Aflywheel is a spinning disk used to store energy as mechanical kineticenergy. FIG. 3 shows a super-synchronous motor-generator-flywheel 300 inan end-to-end configuration.

In the example of FIG. 3, when motor-generator-flywheel 300 operates asa motor in energy-storage mode, electrical power is supplied from a 60Hz AC electrical distribution system to the first stator 320 a of firstmachine 300 a through electrical power cables 310 a. The first rotor 330a of first machine 300 a rotates to match the AC frequency at a speed of3600 rpm. The second rotor 330 b is connected or coupled to the firstrotor 330 a. The second rotor 330 b also rotates at 3600 rpm, causingthe rotational second stator 320 b to rotate at 7200 rpm. The rotationalsecond stator 320 b is connected or coupled to a flywheel 350, whichalso rotates at 7200 rpm. The flywheel 350 is a disk that stores kineticenergy by spinning.

The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the squareof the speed of rotation. Therefore, doubling the speed of rotation of aflywheel multiplies the amount of energy storage by four. This meansthat the flywheel 350 spinning at 7200 rpm can store four times as muchenergy as the same flywheel 350 spinning at 3600 rpm. When electricpower is needed, such as when there is a power outage in the AC system,the super-synchronous motor-generator-flywheel 300 can convert theenergy stored in the flywheel 350 back to electrical energy.

In the example of FIG. 3, when motor-generator-flywheel 300 operates asa generator in electrical generation mode, electrical power is notprovided through the power cables 310 a, possibly because of a poweroutage. The flywheel 350 continues to rotate at 7200 rpm due to itsangular momentum. Flywheels can be designed to minimize friction and airresistance. This can enable flywheels to rotate for long periods oftime, such as hours or days, without being driven by a motor.

The flywheel 350 acts as a prime mover, and rotates the rotationalsecond stator 320 b at 7200 rpm. The magnetic flux created by therotational second stator 320 b causes the second rotor 330 b to rotateat half the speed, or 3600 rpm.

The second rotor 330 b is coupled to the first rotor 330 a, which alsorotates at 3600 rpm. The field windings on the first rotor 330 a inducea rotating magnetic field in the armature windings on the first stator320 a. This produces a 60 Hz AC electric current that is then providedto the AC system through the power cables 310 a. In this way, thesuper-synchronous motor-generator-flywheel 300 can provide backup powerto an AC system during a power outage.

A super-synchronous motor-generator-flywheel can store more energy thana slower, synchronous motor-generator-flywheel. A two-machinemotor-generator-flywheel that operates at double the frequency of an ACsystem may store approximately four times as much energy compared to asynchronous machine. A three-machine motor-generator-flywheel operatingat triple the frequency of an AC system may store approximately ninetimes as much energy compared to a synchronous machine.

Super-synchronous speeds can also enable energy storage with smaller andlighter flywheels. The amount of energy storage in a flywheel isproportional to the moment of inertia, or effective mass, of a flywheel,and to the square of the rotational speed of the flywheel. Therefore, aflywheel that doubles its rotational speed can have one-fourth theeffective mass while storing the same amount of energy.

Super-synchronous motor-generator-flywheels can have many applications.For example, flywheels can store energy from power sources that havepeak and off-peak periods, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Whenthere is more electricity supply than demand, AC systems can feed theexcess energy to flywheels. For example, flywheels can store energy fromsolar panels when the sun is shining, and from wind turbines when windsare strong. Flywheels can then release the energy when there is a need,such as at night or when the winds are calm.

Another application of super-synchronous motor-generator-flywheels ismaintaining electrical power quality. Power quality is the measure ofvoltage and frequency disturbances in an electrical system. Amotor-generator-flywheel can be connected to an electrical system nearan electrical power source such as a power plant. If there are smalldisruptions to the electrical system, such as voltage sag or momentaryinterruptions, the motor-generator-flywheel can provide short-term powercontinuity to maintain stability in the electrical system.

The example motor-generator-flywheel 300 can also be built in aconcentric configuration, as shown in FIG. 2. In this configuration, theflywheel 350 connects to the outermost rotating component. In theexample of FIG. 2, the flywheel would connect to the rotating stator 220b.

Though the example in FIG. 3 shows the rotational second stator 320 bconnected to a flywheel 350, the flywheel 350 can be replaced with aprime mover such as a turbine or engine rotating at 7200 rpm. Theoperation of the motor-generator 300 with a prime mover attached to therotational second stator 320 b is similar to the operation of themotor-generator-flywheel 300 operating in power generation mode.

FIGS. 1A and 2A illustrate super-synchronous motor-generators thatinclude two connected machines. Additional machines can be connectedend-to-end or concentrically to achieve additional multiples ofsynchronous frequency, such as three or four times synchronousfrequency.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary super-synchronousmotor-generator including three connected machines. For example,super-synchronous motor-generator 400 includes three machines, 400 a,400 b, and 400 c, in an end-to-end configuration. The rotor 430 b of thesecond machine 400 b is connected or coupled to the rotor 430 a of thefirst machine. The rotational stator 420 b of the second machine 400 bis connected or coupled to the rotational stator 420 c of the thirdmachine 400 c.

When motor-generator 400 operates as a motor, electrical power issupplied from a 60 Hz AC electrical distribution system to first machine400 a through electrical power cables 410 a. The rotor 430 a of thefirst machine 400 a rotates to match the AC frequency at a speed of 3600rpm. The rotor 430 b of the second machine 400 b also rotates at 3600rpm, causing the rotational stator 420 b of the second machine 400 b torotate at 7200 rpm.

The rotational stator 420 b of the second machine 400 b, rotating at7200 rpm, causes the rotational stator 420 c of the third machine 400 cto rotate at 7200 rpm.

The rotational speed of the rotor 430 c of the third machine 400 c isthe sum of the speed of the rotational stator 420 c of the third machine400 c (e.g., 7200 rpm) and the rotational stator's magnetic flux angularspeed (e.g., 3600 rpm—if driven from a 60 Hz source). Therefore, therotor 430 c of the third machine 400 c rotates at 10,800 rpm.

In an energy-storage application, a motor-generator-flywheel rotating at10,800 rpm may store approximately nine times as much energy as amotor-generator-flywheel rotating at 3600 rpm. Thus, adding additionalmachines to a super-synchronous motor-generator results in higherrotational speeds and much higher storage capacity.

In the example of FIG. 4, when motor-generator 400 operates as agenerator, a prime mover drives the third rotor 430 c atsuper-synchronous speeds. The prime mover can be, for example, any typeof flywheel, engine, or turbine. In the example of FIG. 4, the primemover drives the third rotor 430 c at 10,800 rpm, however, theelectrical output at the first machine 400 a will be 60 Hz (e.g.,equivalent to a 3600 rpm synchronous speed).

The example super-synchronous motor-generator 400 can include more thanthree machines, in either the end-to-end or concentric configurations,in order to achieve higher rotational speeds.

While this specification contains many specific implementation details,these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of anyinventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions offeatures specific to particular implementations of particularinventions. Certain features that are described in this specification inthe context of separate implementations can also be implemented incombination in a single implementation. Conversely, various featuresthat are described in the context of a single implementation can also beimplemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitablesubcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, oneor more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excisedfrom the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the implementations described above should not beunderstood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Thus, particular implementations of the subject matter have beendescribed. Other implementations are within the scope of the followingclaims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can beperformed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Inaddition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do notnecessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, toachieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking andparallel processing may be advantageous.

1. (canceled)
 2. An electrical machine comprising: a housing; a firststator having a first set of field windings; a first rotor disposedinside and coaxial with the first stator, wherein, in a first operatingmode, the first stator is configured to electrically drive rotation ofthe first rotor relative to the first stator when the first set of fieldwindings is energized; a second stator mounted on bearings configured topermit rotation of the second stator relative to the housing; and asecond rotor mechanically coupled to the first rotor, wherein, in thefirst operating mode, the first rotor is configured to mechanicallydrive rotation of the second rotor during rotation of the first rotor,wherein: the second rotor is disposed inside and coaxial to the secondstator; and the second rotor is configured to electrically driverotation of the second stator when a second set of field windings areenergized during rotation of the second rotor, the second set of fieldwindings being integrated with the second rotor or the second stator. 3.The electrical machine of claim 2, wherein the second set of fieldwindings is integrated with the second rotor.
 4. The electrical machineof claim 2, wherein the second set of field windings is integrated withthe second stator.
 5. The electrical machine of claim 2, wherein, in asecond operating mode, the first rotor is configured to induceelectrical current in the first set of field windings during rotation ofthe first rotor relative to the first stator.
 6. The electrical machineof claim 5, wherein, in the second operating mode, the second rotor isconfigured to mechanically drive rotation of the first rotor duringrotation of the second rotor.
 7. The electrical machine of claim 2,wherein, in the first operating mode, the second rotor is configured toelectrically drive rotation of the second stator at a faster rotationalspeed than the rotational speed of the second rotor when the second setof field windings are energized during rotation of the second rotor. 8.The electrical machine of claim 2, wherein, in the first operating mode,the second rotor is configured to electrically drive rotation of thesecond stator at approximately twice the rotational speed of the secondrotor when the second set of field windings are energized duringrotation of the second rotor.
 9. The electrical machine of claim 2,wherein the first rotor is connected end-to-end with the second rotor.10. The electrical machine of claim 2, wherein the second stator iscoupled to a mechanical energy storage device.
 11. The electricalmachine of claim 2, wherein the first set of field windings areenergized by an electrical distribution system.
 12. An electricalmachine comprising: a housing; a first stator having a first set offield windings; a first rotor disposed inside and coaxial with the firststator, wherein, in a first operating mode, the first rotor isconfigured to induce electrical current in the first set of fieldwindings during rotation of the first rotor relative to the firststator; a second rotor mechanically coupled to the first rotor, wherein,in the first operating mode, the second rotor is configured tomechanically drive rotation of the first rotor during rotation of thesecond rotor; and a second stator mounted on bearings configured topermit rotation of the second stator relative to the housing, the secondstator being configured to be mechanically rotated by a prime mover inthe first operating mode, wherein: the second rotor is disposed insideand coaxial to the second stator; and the second stator is configured toelectrically drive rotation of the second rotor when a second set offield windings are energized during rotation of the second stator, thesecond set of field windings being integrated with the second rotor orthe second stator.
 13. The electrical machine of claim 12, wherein thesecond set of field windings is integrated with the second rotor. 14.The electrical machine of claim 12, wherein the second set of fieldwindings is integrated with the second stator.
 15. The electricalmachine of claim 12, wherein, in a second operating mode, the firststator is configured to electrically drive rotation of the first rotorrelative to the first stator when the first set of field windings isenergized.
 16. The electrical machine of claim 15, wherein, in thesecond operating mode, the first rotor is configured to mechanicallydrive rotation of the second rotor during rotation of the first rotor.17. The electrical machine of claim 12, wherein, in the first operatingmode, the second stator is configured to electrically drive rotation ofthe second rotor at a slower rotational speed than the rotational speedof the second stator when the second set of field windings areenergized.
 18. The electrical machine of claim 12, wherein, in the firstoperating mode, the second stator is configured to electrically driverotation of the second rotor at approximately half the rotational speedof the second stator when the second set of field windings are energizedduring rotation of the second stator.
 19. The electrical machine ofclaim 12, wherein the first rotor is connected end-to-end with thesecond rotor.
 20. The electrical machine of claim 12, wherein the primemover comprises a turbine.
 21. The electrical machine of claim 12,wherein the induced electrical current feeds an electrical distributionsystem.